Prev Next

“None Are Too Many”: The Tragedy of the MS St. Louis

Author: Maddy Macnab On June 7th, 1939, Canada denied entry to over 900 Jewish refugees aboard the MS St. Louis. Seventy-two years later, Canada’s part in the fate of the MS St. Louis was officially remembered with the unveiling of Daniel Libeskind’s “Wheel of Conscience” monument, at the Canadian Museum of Immigration. As Canada assumes [...]

Read More »

D-Day 1944 Commemorated

Author: Dr. Alexander Herd 69 years ago, on June 6, 1944 Canadians, alongside their fellow Allied soldiers, sailors, and airmen, participated in D-Day, the invasion of Normandy, France and the first step towards the liberation of continental Europe in the Second World War. Canadians performed a wide variety of tasks on D-Day.  In advance of the [...]

Read More »

Poem in your Pocket Day

Canadians across the country have poems in their pockets, from a pretty little haiku to historical epics to the latest pop earworm. Every year new poets give us wonderful and engaging works. But we can’t forget the strong Canadian poetic tradition captured by, among others, Bliss Carman’s romantic odes to landscape, Stephen Leacock’s biting satire, [...]

Read More »

NATO: When Canada Really Mattered

On April 4, 1949, the foreign ministers of Canada, the US, the UK, France and eight other countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty. An armed attack on one member would be an armed attack on them all.

Read More »

Historical Maps of Toronto: Q&A with Nathan Ng

Historical Maps of Toronto makes hard-to-find maps easily accesible on the web. Nathan Ng, brainchild behind the project, answers a few questions about maps, history and his love for both.

Read More »

“None Are Too Many”: The Tragedy of the MS St. Louis

Author: Maddy Macnab

On June 7th, 1939, Canada denied entry to over 900 Jewish refugees aboard the MS St. Louis. Seventy-two years later, Canada’s part in the fate of the MS St. Louis was officially remembered with the unveiling of Daniel Libeskind’s “Wheel of Conscience” monument, at the Canadian Museum of Immigration. As Canada assumes chairmanship of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, I want to revisit these events and ask, how has Canada remembered the MS St. Louis? What lessons can we learn by thinking on this and other difficult moments in Canadian history?

Passengers aboard the St. Louis. May or June, 1939. (Courtesy United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.)

The MS St. Louis set sail from Hamburg, Germany, on May 13, 1939. The 937 Jewish refugees on board were hoping to find respite from the increasingly intolerant and dangerous climate in Europe; for many, this was their last chance to escape Nazi persecution. The ship was bound for Cuba, where many of the passengers hoped to obtain visas that would allow them to enter the United States.

Increased anti-Jewish sentiment, government infighting, and recent changes to immigration regulations in Cuba meant that upon arrival in Havana, the passengers were not allowed to disembark. After days of negotiation, the St. Louis was turned away. Captain Gustav Schroeder refused to turn back to Nazi Germany without finding asylum for his passengers, appealing to ports across South America and to the United States for safe haven. He was rejected from all ports, and from the United States there was only silence.

Thus, the MS St. Louis sailed north. For years, Canada had operated a “closed door” immigration policy that discriminated against Jewish people. The climate of anti-Semitism in Canada in the 1930s was powerful, it was visible, and it was entrenched even in high levels of government. The government’s stance on Jewish refugees is best reflected by the oft-repeated (and now almost mythical) words of a Canadian immigration official: “None is too many.”

Still, on June 7th, 1939, 41 prominent citizens of Toronto, including clergyman and historian George Wrong, sent a telegram petitioning Prime Minister Mackenzie King to give sanctuary to the refugees. Despite this, the government firmly opposed the admission of St. Louis passengers. In the anti-Semitic climate of the epoch, those 41 signatures weren’t enough to change the prime minister’s mind.

Canada’s anti-Jewish policies remained unchanged until 1947. Between 1933 and 1939, Canada accepted an abysmal 4,000 Jewish refugees—by far the least of any developed country around the world. The passengers of the MS St. Louis were eventually welcomed into Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom; many survived, but over 200 perished in the Holocaust.

Libeskind’s “Wheel of Conscience” makes the episode a part of the Canadian immigration narrative and moves away from the often celebratory and self-congratulatory and toward recognition of our more difficult histories. The piece sits in the exhibition hall of the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21—the very warehouse where the passengers of the St. Louis might have first set foot on Canadian soil.

Though it expresses an important sentiment and exposes the forces at work that allowed this and, in a larger sense, the Holocaust to happen, the execution and tone of the monument gives me pause. With its clear-cut definitions and unambiguous progression of cause and effect expressed by the moving gears, this monument gives too firm an answer to this difficult and shameful period in Canadian history, closing the door to further engagement and discussion. Does it too definitively portray discrimination as strictly in the past?

In marking the shift from Canada then to now we run the risk of ignoring the lessons of yesterday. The monument to the St. Louis should be an invitation to open dialogue about Canadian immigration and discrimination in the present, not a banishment of these debates to the past. These difficult histories were, and continue to be, a part of the Canadian narrative. The treatment of refugees in Canada is still a real and pressing issue; this year, when Canadians think about the voyage of the MS St. Louis, we should keep this in mind.

Leave a comment Tags: , ,

La commémoration du Jour J

Author: Dr. Alexander Herd

Il y a 69 ans, le 6 juin 1944, les Canadiens aux côtés de tous les autres soldats, marins et aviateurs alliés participaient au Jour J, l’invasion de la Normandie en France, la première étape vers la libération de l’Europe continentale pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.

Le Jour J, les Canadiens effectuèrent des tâches très diverses. Précédant les forces d’invasion, les parachutistes ont sauté derrière les lignes ennemies, l’Aviation royale canadienne a attaqué les défenses côtières ennemies, et les dragueurs de mines de la Marine royale canadienne ont dégagé un passage pour que les forces d’invasion puissent accéder aux cinq plages de Normandie choisies pour le débarquement des troupes.

Le 6 juin, les Canadiens ont piloté un grand nombre des péniches de débarquement transportant soldats, véhicules et équipement jusqu’en Normandie, dont plusieurs vagues de fantassins canadiens qui ont pris d’assaut la plage Juno. Les pilotes de chasse canadiens dans les airs et les navires de guerre de la Marine au large ont accompagné le mouvement en ciblant les forces aériennes et terrestres de l’ennemi.

Ce ne sont que quelques exemples parmi les multiples contributions du Canada à l’opération amphibie la plus importante de l’histoire. Les anciens combattants du Projet Mémoire étaient présents sur place – voici quelques récits parmi tant d’autres :

Marcel Auger

Lorenzo Tremblay

Marc-Édouard Barrette

Paul Maisonneuve

Gilles Gilbert Boulanger

Roméo Ouellet

Le saviez-vous ?

Le « Jour J » est l’expression utilisée par les militaires quand ils font référence à une opération à venir, quelle qu’elle soit, et le 6 juin 1944 est devenu le plus connu de tous les Jours J.

Leave a comment Tags:

D-Day 1944 Commemorated

Author: Dr. Alexander Herd

69 years ago, on June 6, 1944 Canadians, alongside their fellow Allied soldiers, sailors, and airmen, participated in D-Day, the invasion of Normandy, France and the first step towards the liberation of continental Europe in the Second World War.

Canadians performed a wide variety of tasks on D-Day.  In advance of the invading force, paratroopers landed behind enemy lines, the Royal Canadian Air Force attacked enemy coastal defences, and Royal Canadian Navy minesweepers helped clear a path for the invading force to the five Normandy beaches designated for troop landings.

On June 6, Canadians piloted many of the landing craft that brought troops, vehicles, and equipment to Normandy, including waves of Canadian infantrymen who stormed JUNO Beach.  Canadian fighter pilots above and RCN warships offshore assisted these troops by targeting enemy air and ground forces.

These examples are just some of the many Canadian contributions to the largest amphibious operation in history.  The Memory Project’s veterans were there – here are a few of their many stories:

Roy Armstrong

Jan de Vries

Joseph Gautreau

Bill Halcro

Albert Minnings

Tom Settee

Did You Know?

“D-day” is a military term referring to the day on which any given operation is launched.  June 6, 1944 has become the most well-known “D-Day.”

Leave a comment Tags: , , ,

Poem in your Pocket Day

Canadians across the country have poems in their pockets, from a pretty little haiku to historical epics to the latest pop earworm. Every year new poets give us wonderful and engaging works. But we can’t forget the strong Canadian poetic tradition captured by, among others, Bliss Carman’s romantic odes to landscape, Stephen Leacock’s biting satire, PK Page’s minimalism, Dionne Brand’s aesthetic activism, and Michael Ondaatje’s ethereal imaginings.

In honour of Poem in your Pocket Day, celebrated across the United States on April 18, here are a few of our favourite Canadian poems that we at The Historica-Dominion Institute keep with us, to be drawn out as necessary, and recited either with a flourish or silently to ourselves. As you can see, we have no problem including the works of Canada’s great songwriters among our favourites.

———-

Clarice:

The Song My Paddle Sings by E. Pauline Johnson  (1861-1913)

“This poem has paddled its way into my Canadian heart.  I love it because it celebrates the uniquely Canadian love affair with the timeless canoe.”

Zach:

Elegy for Gump Worsley by John K. Samson, from The Weakerthans album, Reunion Tour, 2007.

“This poem perfectly captures the allure of an athlete we can see reflected in ourselves. Human, with flaws, fears, and disappointments. in doing so, it subverts the traditional hero-worship of Canadian hockey fandom.”

Anthony:

Fifty-Mission Cap by Gord Downie, from The Tragically Hip album, Fully Completely, 1992.

“It has a great, true story, and Gord Downie really did learn this from the back of a hockey card, as the song says.  Neat bit of trivia: “Fifty-Mission Cap” refers to a special cap that was awarded to Allied Second World War pilots who had flown 50 missions or more over enemy territory.”

Chantal:

There are Some Men by the inimitable Leonard Cohen, from The Spice-Box of Earth, 1960.

“This poem speaks beautifully of loss, and of paying tribute in quiet celebratory ways to those that have marked your life too deeply to be mourned in conventional ways. Everyone should be so fortunate as to have at least a few people for whom they would name mountains, I know I have.”

Maddy:

The River Pilgrim: A Letter by George Elliott Clarke from Whylah Falls, 1990.

“I discovered George Elliott Clarke’s poetry when I was living in Halifax, and it showed me a part of East Coast Canada I knew very little about: the Black Canadian community of Nova Scotia.  He’s also written some of the most beautiful lines on love and lust I’ve ever read.”

Bronwyn:

The Cremation of Sam McGee by Robert W. Service, from Songs of a Sourdough, 1907.

“This is a classic Canadian poem from “The Bard of the Yukon.” It’s fun to read on your own, but how can you beat listening to the great Johnny Cash give his rendition?”

Jeremy:

Farewell to Annabel by Gordon Lightfoot, from Old Dan’s Records, 1972.

“The greatest living Canadian poet is Gordon Lightfoot. This song is obscure but it’s one of my faves.”

Jill:

Newfoundland by E.J.Pratt, from Newfoundland Verse, 1923.

“I know it’s so boring and obvious to choose a poem about geography. How typically Canadian. But in Newfoundland landscape and weather are undeniably in your face. The wind really does blow consistently and significantly, to the point that it deserves attention in an epic poem. It’s a poem about how a place can shape a people and who can deny that Canadians are shaped by shield and prairie and shoreline?”

Calina:

The School Globe by James Reaney, from Selected Shorter Poems, 1975

“I had to memorize this poem for a Grade 8 poetry assignment and, to this day, over a decade later, I can still recite it by rote. I always loved the unexpected, dark and dramatic turn it takes at the end.”

Brigitte:

Les rendez-vous manqués by Gilles Vigneault, from the album, L’hiver, sung by Claude Léveillée, 1960.

“My mother introduced me to Gilles Vigneault at a very young age. I love poems and songs that can paint a picture in my mind. This poem always spoke to me – we are so busy with our jobs and trying to make more money that we sometime forget about all the little things in our life and how wonderful they can be.”

Myriam:

“Un de mes poèmes préféré est  La nuit de la poétesse québécoise, Anne Hébert. Avec des mots simples, elle a su recréer, je pense, cet abandon dans la nuit…pour moi, qui n’aime que la clarté du jour !”

Who’s in your pocket?

Leave a comment

NATO: When Canada Really Mattered

Founding members of NATO

Founding members of NATO, 1949 (Hulton Archives, HB-7277).

On 4 April 1949, in the auditorium of the State Department on Washington’s Constitution Avenue, the foreign ministers of Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, France and eight other countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty. An armed attack on one member, the treaty’s Article 5 pledged, would be an armed attack on them all.

The leading historian of the event called it a Second American Revolution, radically transforming United States foreign policy. It was no less a revolution for Canada. North America was engaging itself in the security of Europe for the long haul.

(more…)

1 Comment Tags: , , , , , , ,

Historical Maps of Toronto: Q&A with Nathan Ng

A topographical map of Toronto in 1818.

This 1818 topographical map of York shows that the land north of Queen Street was mostly forest and farmland (J.R. Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto).

Maps! These visual, information-rich records show us where we are and where we’ve been. What would we do without them? Nathan Ng, a self-described “non-professional historian” certainly understands their importance. His past efforts have made the Goad’s Atlas, a detailed Victorian-era fire insurance map of Toronto, available to the internet masses at Goad’s Atlas – Online!. His most recent project, Historical Maps of Toronto, continues the work of bringing Toronto’s cartographic history to the web, with digitized maps from the 1858 Boulton Atlas of Toronto, the Alpheus Todd map of 1834 and many, many more. We picked Nathan’s brain about his love for maps, the Historical Maps of Toronto project, and his thoughts on the internet’s role in history education. (more…)

2 Comments Tags: , , , , ,

National Myths and Dreams

CPR-last-spike

The driving of the last spike – one of the most famous and iconic photos in Canadian history (photo by Ross Best & Co, courtesy Library and Archives Canada).

A nation is a group of people who share the same illusions about themselves. Academics call it imagining a community. Vancouver cyberpunk novelist William Gibson calls it “consensual hallucination.” Whatever you call it, April Fools seems like a good opportunity to think about some of the illusions Canadians have about ourselves.

One illusion we share is that we don’t know enough about our own history. The arrival of Canada Day invariably brings with it another poll showing how few Canadians can name three prime ministers, or know the words to the national anthem, or some other piece of national esoterica. The implication being a) this is a bad thing and b) people in other countries know more. Both these assumptions are wrong. The same polls, with the same results, appear with regularity in the United States and I imagine in other countries as well. Canadians may not know much history, but neither does anyone else.

(more…)

1 Comment Tags: , , ,

James Marsh Retires from The Canadian Encyclopedia

James Marsh speaking at Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto at the launch of the Junior Encyclopedia of Canada in September 1990.

Speaking at Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto at the launch of the Junior Encyclopedia of Canada in September 1990.

I really had the best job in the country, as editor of Canada’s national encyclopedia.

It was kismet for a boy whose irritated mother sarcastically called him “know it all!” As a kid in West End Toronto, I was obsessed with the only two books in our house, a one-volume encyclopedia and a small pocket dictionary my father carried with him in the war. I memorized maps and capitals and painters’ names from the encyclopedia—30 years out of date as it turned out. My father, who claimed to have memorized the whole dictionary, would rouse me from sleep in the middle of the night and make me query him on definitions (I had to be diplomatic about wrong answers as he was an agitated man when drunk and accused of error).

Another happenstance struck when a misguided teacher in high school determined to punish me by sentencing me to the school library to hand copy articles from Encyclopedia Britannica. Bliss.

(more…)

Leave a comment Tags: , , , ,

Courons le Poisson d’avril!

Courons le Poisson d’avril
Sans certitude aucune, on croit que la journée du Poisson d’avril remonte en 1534 alors que le roi de France, Charles IX, changea le calendrier, pour que l’année débute alors le 1er janvier au lieu du traditionnel 1er avril.

(more…)

Leave a comment Tags: ,

The History of April Fools’ Day

april-fools

This postcard suggests that you can be cordial and sweet with someone, but hide your own rotten feelings towards them.

Although we can’t be certain, we believe that April Fool’s Day dates back to 1534 when King Charles IX of France changed the calendar so the year would begin on January 1st rather than the traditional April 1st.

(more…)

2 Comments Tags: ,

The History of Bears in Toronto

peter-the-great-cage

Toronto World, February 23, 1913

[Editor's note: Excitement overtook Toronto on Monday as two giant pandas, on loan from China, arrived by FedEx, beginning their ten-year stay in Canada (five years in Toronto followed by another five years in Calgary). Toronto is no stranger to bears. In the 1800s bears were known to wander the city's streets, and Bay Street was popularly referred to as "Bear Street." Revisit these early bear-filled  days in this original post from Heritage Toronto]

Though bears no longer wander Toronto’s streets, they once did. In his 1873 book Toronto of Old, Toronto historian Henry Scadding claims that Bay Street was popularly referred to as “Bear Street” in the early 1800s “from a noted chase given to a bear out of the adjoining wood on the north, which, to escape from its pursuers, made for the water along this route.” Scadding also describes a wandering bear being attacked by G. D’Arcy Boulton‘s horses at The Grange, as well as an incident in 1809 on George Street in which a bear was killed by “Lieut. Fawcett, of the 100th regiment, who cleft the creature’s head open with his sword.”

(more…)

Leave a comment Tags: , , , , , ,

Double Take: Portraits of Intriguing Canadians

Leonard Cohen, photographed in 1972 © Arnaud Maggs. Reproduced with the permission of Susan Hobbs.

Leonard Cohen, photographed in 1972 © Arnaud Maggs. Reproduced with the permission of Susan Hobbs.

Double Take, a new exhibition from the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, challenges preconceived notions about 59 Canadians, capturing them in unexpected poses and situations, some real and others imagined. There’s a portrait of the usually suave Leonard Cohen looking like a streetwise Al Pacino and another of Adrienne Clarkson looking luscious, wrapped in an exotic scarf. The painting, Out for Fun (Dione Quintuplets), by Andrew Loomis imagines a scene that likely never took place: the Dionne quintuplets singing and cooking wieners around a campfire, the picture of a happy, carefree childhood that’s worlds away from their actual exploited childhood. The various identities of Sir John A. Macdonald give insight into the many sides of Canada’s first prime minister: Macdonald is presented as a cartoon, a political saviour, and also an object of affection, his picture tucked away in a locket.

(more…)

2 Comments

Canada Soup: Molson Makes Us Ask, Who Are We?

A new Molson Canadian advertisement has taken the internet by storm, reaching 1 million views on YouTube before even premiering on television. The ad has generated a flurry of opinions. Is it patriotic? Should we celebrate it? Is it pandering or cynical? Who are we as Canadians? What’s clear is that it’s not a sequel to Molson’s much-loved Joe Canadian ad – or is it? [Huffington Post]

Double Take, a new exhibition from the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, challenges our preconceived notions about famous Canadians. There’s a portrait of the usually suave Leonard Cohen looking like a streetwise Al Pacino and another of Adrienne Clarkson striking a gorgeous model pose. 59 Canadians are featured.  [Ottawa Citizen]

17 years ago, the world’s last de Havilland Mosquito crashed at an air show, killing the two men onboard and the one-of-a-kind Mosquito. Aircraft lovers feared it was the end of the wooden wonder, but a recent multimillion-dollar restoration of an old Mosquito, found on an Alberta farm, has taken flight and will see a homecoming to an air show in Hamilton this spring. The Mosquito buzzes once more! [Canada]

It’s Canada Water Week! The average Canadian consumes nearly 6,400 litres of water everyday, and almost 90% of it is embedded in the food we eat, the clothes we wear and the products we use. Learn about the events in your community and discover some handy facts that will wow your dinner guests with this fact sheet. And check out this incredible UK website on water consumption [Canada Water Week]

From 1934 to 1979, a street photographer named Foncie Pulice would set up his camera on Vancouver’s sidewalks and snap photos of people walking by. His work, encompassing thousands of photos, is a visual history of Vancouver, and his story will be told in a new documentary. Those who were lucky enough to be photographed by Pulice are encouraged to submit their photos to a website called Foncie’s Corner, created by B.C.’s Knowledge Network. [The Province]

Leave a comment Tags: , , , , ,

Rooks of Hazard: The True Adventures of Binkley and Doinkel

Binkley and Doinkel Comic.

Binkley and Doinkel Comic.

After the sweeping Hazardous Products Act of 1971 was authored by Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau’s ruling Liberal Party, it fell to the Ministry of Consumer and Corporate Affairs (CCA) to educate and inform the public as to its finer points, including the creation of the new Hazardous Product Symbols: four icons that were to appear on the labels of items which contained corrosive, flammable, poisonous, or explosive materials. And who better to educate young people about these au courant symbols than a pair of inquisitive little green aliens named Binkley and Doinkel, and their lone Earth companion, a talking dog named Sniffer!
(more…)

2 Comments Tags: , , , , , ,

The 10th Anniversary of the Iraq Invasion

This week marks the 10th anniversary of the invasion of Iraq, when US-led troops entered the city of Baghdad with the goal of  toppling Saddam Hussein’s regime and destroying the country’s weapons of mass destruction. The invasion was relatively brief: Baghdad fell weeks later, and on May 1 then-U.S. president George W. Bush declared that the mission was accomplished. The weapons of mass destruction were not found, but the goal of the invasion shifted to stabilizing Iraq and solidifying it as a Western ally. The invasion and occupation claimed the lives of 4,487 U.S. combat troops, 179 UK servicemen and women, between 97,461 and 106,348 Iraqi civilians and displaced an estimated 1.6 million Iraqis. The invasion cost the U.S. between from $802 billion to $3 trillion (figures from the BBC).

(more…)

2 Comments Tags: , , , , , , , , ,